What factors contributed in the stuggle against the Mafia in Sicily Essay

What factors contributed in the stuggle against the Mafia in Sicily - Essay Example Cosa Nostra (Mafia) criminal syndicate emerged in mid 19th century and all cosca aimed at controlling a particular territory (Blok 2001). In 1870s, Romans officials invited Sicilian Mafia clans to help in fighting dangerous independent criminal organisations and protect the land owners (Blok 2001). The Mafia and state had entered in to partnership that allowed the Cosa Nostra to perform the functions that state could inefficiently perform. Factors that contributed to struggle against Sicilian Mafia The mafia and state enjoyed cordial relationships with the Mafia without any disruptions for several years. However, the relationships started tumbling in 1960s after Mafia acquired wealth and threatened the balance of power between the state and Mafia (Blok 2001). Accordingly, the methods of Mafia in acquiring power changed to threatening, extortion and criminal activities thus threatening the State power (Blok 2001). Mafia acquired considerable financial resources through ensuring close working ties with Christian Democratic Party and obtaining guarantees on construction contracts (Allum and Renate2003). In recognition of Mafia’s growing influence, the state decided to withdraw from the relationship with Cosa Nostra (Seindal 1998). Again, Mafia criminal empire expanded in 1970s to become a key network in inter-continent crimes such as money laundering and drug-trafficking. Mafia was initially used to define Sicilian phenomenon, but it is currently used to define any organised criminal organisation especially in Italia (Seindal 1998). In the recent past, Sicilian mafia has expanded to European and international level and has committed other crimes such as money laundering and drug trafficking in countries like Middle East, Latin-America and Switzerland. According to Italian anti-Mafia law of 1982, mafia organisations use intimidation powers and have organised criminal structure that plan its criminal activities. Sicilian mafia has a long history of corruption , murder and extortion (Blok 2001). In early 1980s, Mafia violence was directed at assassination of judges, prosecutors and political authorities. Corleonesi assisted in instigating the Second Mafia war and led a brutal Luciana Leggio against the state authorities in the ‘First Mafia War’. After the Mafia Trials of 1960s, few individuals were convicted of criminal activities and Mafia resumed back to illicit business activities. Control for family dominance within the Mafia organisation resulted to the Second Mafia wars since Corleonesi believed that some families had benefited more from the illicit drug profits and desired to dominate the Mafia through use of violence. Several Mafia families regrouped and started killing specific state figures such as Colonel Giuseppe Russo and several police chiefs (Seindal 1998). Organisations that struggled against the Sicilian Mafia Magistrates Giovanni and Paolo Borsellino The climax of Mafia brutality highlighted the need of the state to curb the organisations criminal activities and several individuals within the state started fighting against the impunity of Mafia (Scheider and Peter1998). In late 1980s and early 1990s, Sicilian prosecutors like Paolo Borsellino and Giovanni Falcone work unearthed the hierarchical structure of Sicilian Mafia organisations. The two prosecutors asserted that they would

Legal Powers and Duties of Local Authorities in Relation to the Essay

Legal Powers and Duties of Local Authorities in Relation to the Protection of Children - Essay Example This research will begin with the definition of safeguarding as the process of ‘protecting children’ from such harms as neglect and keeping them safe from impairment of health in order to ensure that they successfully enter adulthood. Admittedly, The United Kingdom’s childcare system is diverse and is offered by private, voluntary, and other independent providers. The country’s childcare offerings include both full day-care and care on a session basis. Private, voluntary, and other providers work in association with children centers and schools in order to deliver flexible and quality services. The UK government has been trying to improve child protection through various rules and regulations which give specific attention to the nation’s increasing child abuse issues. In fact, Section 47 of the Children Act 1989 is the very basis of the responsibilities of the local councils. It points out that the councils are responsible to initiate inquiries if th ey find that a child in their area is probably suffering, or is likely to suffer harm. If it is found in enquires that there is potential harm, the local authority should conduct a discussion with other concerned agencies to initiate a core assessment which leads to procedures to protect the child. Sections 8, 9, and 10 of the Childcare Act 2006 provide local authorities with a set of powers in order to efficiently fulfill their duties, which have been defined under sections 6 and 7 of the Act.... They may provide short term as well as long term financial assistance to providers. In addition, local authorities are given the power to extend their services to families in need; for instance, families with disable children. The authorities can determine the type of assistance to be offered to those families. Section 8(3) specifies certain criteria for providing childcare for a particular child or group of children. As per this section, a local authority must not offer childcare unless it is convinced that there is no one to provide childcare or another person is not willing to do so4. At the same time, section 8(4) of the Act exempts childcare provision under the control of a maintained school from the limits of the section 8(3). The section 8(5) states that subsection 3 is not applicable to childcare provision guidelines defined under section 18(1) or (5) of the Children Act 19895. According to section 9 of the 2006 Act, when local authorities make arrangements with a childcare p rovider by offering financial assistance, they have the power to impose certain requirements on that provider in order to ensure quality of the childcare provided6. In addition, the local authority may require repayment of the whole fund if the provider fails to meet the requirements. Section 10 of the Act provides local authorities with the power to charge for any childcare services they provide; given some exceptions. According to the provisions of the 2006 Act, local authorities do not have any restriction in offering different types of assistance to providers. When there are no possibilities for local authorities to deliver childcare services in partnership with private, volunteer, and